A bicycle is a human-powered vehicle that converts the energy of pedaling into forward motion. It is the most efficient means yet devised of transporting a person across land. People ride bikes for a variety of reasons: commuting to work, exercising, saving on gas, and just enjoying the sensation of moving under their own power. However, it is important for anyone who rides a bicycle to be well-informed about bike maintenance and safety practices.

A few basic facts:

The first modern bicycles were invented in 1817 by a German inventor named Karl Drais. He called his machine a draisine or Lauf-maschine (“running machine”). These early all-metal machines were also known as boneshakers because of their solid iron wheels without tires, which made for a bumpy ride. Later, rubber tires were invented, and the freewheel (a mechanism inside the back wheel that allowed it to spin when the pedals weren’t being pushed) was added. These innovations improved the bicycle’s comfort and made it easier to maneuver.

Most modern bikes have two wheels and a frame of steel or aluminum alloy. The seat, handlebars, and gears are typically designed for comfortable, casual riding or fast, vigorous exercise. Often, the tires are made of rubber or a high-quality plastic that absorbs shock and provides traction on rough surfaces. The handlebars are usually designed for casual, upright riding, but they can be lowered or raised to allow for faster, more aggressive cycling.

Many cyclists prefer to use clipless pedals, which require the user to slip their feet into a cage or “toe-clip” that attaches to the pedal. This allows the rider to get more power from each pedal stroke by enabling them to push down on the downstroke of the cycle and pull up on the upstroke. However, it is important to be sure that the clipless pedals are not set so tight that they cannot be easily and quickly released in an emergency.

It can take some time to adjust to the feel of a new bicycle. The saddle may be sore at first, but it will become softer after some riding. The handlebars may also be stiff or uncomfortable until they are warmed up by a few miles of riding.

Bicycling is a safe and healthy pastime for people of all ages. It is important for bikers to follow the same traffic rules as drivers, including stopping at stop signs and lights, wearing bright clothing, and keeping their eyes on the road at all times. They should also hydrate properly while riding, as dehydration can cause dizziness and even fainting. For those who are interested in getting into biking, it is helpful to start slowly and work up to more intense training. It is also a good idea to wear a helmet when cycling, as this can help prevent serious injuries. Ultimately, the most important thing is to have fun and enjoy your bike! (Stapleton 1).

The GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system provides a continuous stream of data to support weather monitoring and forecasting, severe storm tracking, and scientific research. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s Satellite Operations Control Center in Suitland, Maryland controls the GOES spacecraft and instruments.

GOES-13 launched on October 1, 2006 and provides 10-minute full disk imagery of the Earth, day or night. The imager and sounder instruments monitor meteorological phenomena, including clouds, precipitation, surface temperature and wind fields. The Imager detects radiated solar energy and visible reflected solar energy, while the Sounder measures atmospheric temperature and moisture, as well as ozone distribution. GOES-13 also carries the Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) and Space Environment Monitoring (SEM) instrument suites.

SXI, part of the GOES-13 payload, is designed to monitor the effects of Sun-terrestrial interactions on Earth’s space environment. This information is vital to military and commercial radio wave and satellite communications and navigation systems, electric power networks, and the missions of space station astronauts, geophysical explorers, high-altitude aviators and other scientists.

In addition, the SEM suite provides real-time monitoring of solar radiation at a variety of wavelengths that are important to the Nation’s space weather operations. This includes observing the high-cadence activity associated with large solar flares, and measuring the magnitude and direction of the ambient magnetic field using the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation emitted by high-energy protons emitted by solar flares. The GOES-13 SEM suite also supports the Space Environment Services Center (SESC), the Nation’s space weather service, by providing reports, alerts and forecasts on a variety of solar-terrestrial interactions.

The SEM instrument suite also consists of the High-energy Proton Observer and Detector (EPS) and the Hyperspectral Imager for the Environmental Measurement of Air Pollution and Disturbances (HEPAD). The EPS is designed to monitor the extremely high energy protons emitted by solar flares. It is capable of detecting protons, alpha particles and electrons from a variety of energy ranges. The HEPAD is designed to continuously monitor galactic cosmic rays that can impact Earth’s electromagnetic environment.

The GOES-R Series Program is a collaborative NOAA-NASA endeavor to develop the 3rd generation of geostationary weather satellites and their sensor complement. NOAA oversees the GOES-R Series program through an integrated NOAA-NASA program office, while NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center manages the design of the spacecraft and instrument suite. The GOES-R Series is the first of its kind to be developed with an entirely new space segment, operation procedures and observational sensors in a decadal timeframe. The program has been developed on the basis of demanding user requirements and state-of-the-art technology. The GOES-R Series Program is funded by the Department of Commerce through NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) division.