Since 1975, geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) have been providing continuous imagery and data on atmospheric conditions to National Weather Service forecast offices, research centers, and other NOAA agencies. GOES data have led to improved weather forecasting and severe storm tracking, and helped us better understand long-term climate conditions. GOES is a NASA-built and operated program that has impacted weather forecasting, disaster response, and meteorological research.
A key function of GOES is to provide constant monitoring for the atmospheric “triggers” that can lead to severe weather events such as tornadoes, hail storms, lightning, flash floods and hurricanes. Because GOES satellites stay above a fixed spot on the Earth, they can also track the movement of these events. GOES data also track rainfall accumulations and snowfall accumulations, helping meteorologists issue flood warnings and winter snow melt advisories. GOES satellites can even detect and track the movement of sea and lake ice.
In its simplest form, a GOES satellite consists of two main payloads: the Imager and the Sounder. The Imager is a multichannel sensor that senses infrared radiant energy and visible reflected solar energy from the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. The Sounder provides data for vertical atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud top temperatures, and ozone distribution.
The current GOES satellites — GOES-13 and -16 — are nearing the end of their lifespans. In early December, NOAA’s operations team began a process called orbital drift to move GOES-13 into storage, positioning it at 60 degrees west longitude — about the longitude of Nova Scotia, Canada. The move is a little like moving an old car to its new home.
GOES-13 is being moved into its new storage orbit using a system of commands uploaded to the spacecraft’s memory. Once GOES-13 has entered its storage orbit, its sensors will begin operating at a lower power level than normal. This will reduce the amount of data that is transmitted to NOAA ground stations.
The new GOES-R satellite, which will replace GOES-13 in 2019, has three times more spectral channels and four times finer spatial resolution than previous GOES satellites. Its Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) will use detectors made of silicon for the visible (wavelength less than 1 um) and mercury cadmium telluride for the infrared (wavelength greater than 1 um). ABI has three times more scanning speed than the current GOES satellites, improving coverage rates and providing images with a higher level of detail.
The GOES-R satellite will also carry the Advanced Solar UV Imager, Extreme Ultraviolet/X-ray Irradiance Sensors and Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) instruments, which will complement the ABI instrument for enhanced observations of the solar environment, including severe thunderstorms and lightning. It will also feature a ten-minute full disk imagery capability, which will greatly enhance aviation safety by enabling faster detection of ash clouds associated with volcanic activity.
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